Fig. 1

IPS findings in children with WS. Reduced gray matter volume (GMV in yellow/orange) and visuospatial-task-based BOLD activation (fMRI in blue) found in children with Williams syndrome (WS) relative to a group of typically developing (TD) children, both in initial cross-sectional analyses (GMV WS participants: n = 31, 21 F, age = 9.2 ± 3.2, TD participants: n = 64, 42 F, age = 9.3 ± 1.6; fMRI WS participants: n = 12, 11 F, age = 11.3 ± 2.9, TD participants n = 22, 9 F, age = 11.6 ± 2.5) and in the full longitudinal cohort (GMV WS participants: n = 33, 22 F, age = 12.0 ± 4.4, TD participants: n = 92, 56 F, age = 12.1 ± 3.1; fMRI WS participants: n = 15, 13 F, age = 12.6 ± 3.0, TD participants n = 34, 15 F, age = 13.3 ± 3.4). Initial cross-sectional findings for GMV and fMRI are shown here in 3D and coronal section, thresholded at q = 0.001 FDR and q = 0.01 FDR, respectively. Results for the full cohort (based on a linear mixed-effects approach) were similar. A Visualization of 3D extent of GMV and fMRI findings along the dorsal visual processing stream showing overlapping regions of structural and functional deficits in children with WS, particularly in the right hemisphere. B Visualization on the coronal plane (MNI y =  − 72 mm) showing spatial proximity of GMV/fMRI findings within/near IPS. Findings are consistent with previous findings in adults with WS [6]; spline-model developmental trajectories based on GMV and fMRI longitudinal cohorts — gray-shaded regions represent 95% confidence intervals