Fig. 3

Reduced intraparietal sulcus (IPS) gray matter in the general population (GP) groups with LIMK1 haplotype associated with reduced LIMK1 expression. A Visualization of the coronal plane at y =  − 73 mm (MNI coordinate system — within the IPS) showing results of gray matter analysis demonstrating a local variation in gray matter volume (GMV) when comparing the lower-frequency haplotype group (Hap2) to the most common haplotype group (Hap1) in the NIMH GP study. Results are shown thresholded at p = 0.005. B Additional visualization of gray matter with haplotype on the coronal plane and congruent localization of GMV findings in the NIMH GP study relative to previous GMV findings (WS GMV deficit) in full-deletion WS [6]. Yellow-to-red coloring indicates the effect of variation in LIMK1 haplotype in the NIMH GP study, while the green outline represents the extent of previous WS findings [6] at a threshold of p = 0.001 uncorrected. C Visualization of similar right IPS findings in two different GP cohorts. Blue and red regions show locations of haplotype variation within the right IPS in the NIMH and PNC GP cohorts, respectively, that are spatially coincident with the region of WS GMV deficit shown in green. Mean values and standard errors are shown for Jacobian-modulated GMV at the points of maximum group difference within the right IPS for the NIMH GP study (t = 3.73, p < 0.05 SVC) and the PNC GP study (t = 3.18, p = 0.0015, uncorrected)