Table 1 Demographic and vitamin D status in children with Down syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, and controls
From: Hypovitaminosis D in persons with Down syndrome and autism spectrum disorder
| Â | Down syndrome (n = 1624) | Autism spectrum disorder (n = 5208) | Neurotypical controls (n = 30,775) | p value | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (mean, SD) | 11.5 (4.73) | 12.1 (5.57) | 15.1 (4.02) | 0.07 | 0.63–1.03 |
Sex | |||||
 Male | 788 (48.5%) | 2668 (51.2%) | 15,464 (50.3%) | 0.14 | 0.78–2.36 |
 Female | 836 (51.5%) | 2540 (48.8%) | 15,311 (49.7%) |  |  |
Race | |||||
 Caucasian | 1353 (83.3%) | 2145 (40.8%) | 12,818 (41.7%) | <0.001 | 2.97–9.64 |
 Asian | 159 (9.8%) | 381 (7.3%) | 2022 (6.6%) |  |  |
 Black | 85 (5.23%) | 135 (2.6%) | 816 (2.65%) |  |  |
 Nat. Amer | 10 (0.62%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |  |  |
 Other | 14 (0.86%) | 1549 (29.7%) | 9262 (30.1%) |  |  |
 Unknown | 3 (0.18%) | 1018 (19.5%) | 5857 (19.3%) |  |  |
Ethnicity | |||||
 Hispanic | 959 (59.1%) | 2174 (41.7%) | 13,175 (42.8%) | <0.001 | 1.37–5.21 |
 Not Hispanic | 665 (40.9%) | 1822 (34.9%) | 10,640 (34.6%) |  |  |
 Unknown | 0 (0%) | 1212 (23.3%) | 6960 (22.6%) |  |  |
Site of recruitment | |||||
 Boston, MA | 534 (33%) | 1691 (32%) | 9813 (32%) | 0.21 | 0.59–2.04 |
 Palo Alto, CA | 489 (30%) | 1927 (37%) | 10,923 (36%) |  |  |
 Los Angeles, CA | 601 (37%) | 1590 (31%) | 10,019 (33%) |  |  |
BMI (mean, SD) | 23 (8.5) | 19.33 (8.1) | 19.3 (7.9) | <0.001 | −0.38 to −0.15 |
Vitamin D 25-OH (mean, SD) | 20.67 (11) | 23.48 (11.8) | 29.20 (22) | <0.001 | −8.97 to −6.44 |
Vitamin D deficient (n, %) | 399 (24.6%) | 1472 (28.3%) | 12,397 (40.3%) | <0.001 | −5.43 to −2.36 |