Table 2 Impact of demographic and clinical characteristics on vitamin D status in individuals with Down syndrome
From: Hypovitaminosis D in persons with Down syndrome and autism spectrum disorder
| Â | Adjusted mean difference (ng/mL) | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 0.18 | 0.04–0.31* |
Sex | −0.04 | −1.23–1.14 |
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.27 | −0.38 to −0.15*** |
Race | ||
 Caucasian (RC) | -- | -- |
 Asian | −0.17 | −2.17–1.83 |
 Black | −1.63 | −4.33–1.06 |
 Native American | 2.81 | −4.92–10.55 |
 Other | −1.85 | −8.23–4.53 |
 Unknown | 22.42 | 8.74–36.11** |
Ethnicity | ||
 Hispanic (RC) | -- | -- |
 Not Hispanic | 0.32 | −0.91–1.54 |
Autism spectrum disorder | ||
 Present (RC) | -- | -- |
 Not present | −0.09 | −1.79–1.61 |
 Unknown | 2.44 | −2.31–7.19 |
Personal autoimmune disease | −3.11 | −6.22 to −1.55*** |
1st-degree family with autoimmune disease | −1.83 | −2.45 to −0.63** |
Hypothyroidism | ||
 Present (RC) | -- | -- |
 Not present | 0.89 | −0.96–2.74 |
 Unknown | 1.04 | −0.94–3.02 |
Obstructive sleep apnea | ||
 Present (RC) | -- | -- |
 Not present | 0.79 | −0.96–2.74 |
 Unknown | 0.73 | −0.94–3.02 |
Congenital heart disease | ||
 Present (RC) | -- | -- |
 Not present | −0.18 | −1.88–1.52 |
 Unknown | 3.59 | −20.23–27.42 |
Neurologic disease | −3.15 | −5.02 to −1.28*** |
Restricted dietary intake or failure to thrive | ||
 Present (RC) | -- | -- |
 Not present | −1.15 | −3.11–0.80 |
 Unknown | −1.16 | −3.47–1.14 |