Oxidative injury | Authors | Methods | Â | Main findings |
---|---|---|---|---|
Directly attacking DNA | Zhen Luo et Aaron M Fleming et. Chryssostomos Chatgilialoglu et | Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were applied to pTc cell lines after exogenous ROS intervention to detect cell cycle and apoptotic proteins Spectroscopic detection of intermediates generated by ROS damage by using an ICCD camera, measurement of purine damage by stable isotope LC–MS/MS labelling of ROS | Manifestations Sites | ROS cause ectodermal cell cycle arrest at S and G2/M phases and increase autophagy protein expression ROS injury DNA through sites: 8-oxo-Pu, 5carboxamido-5-formamido-2iminohydantoin |
 | Michael A Terzidis et. Jean Cadet et | Gamma-irradiation experiments were performed on the intervened pUC19 plasmid with dsDNA samples. Quantification of purine lesions by stable isotope LCMS/MS labeling | Pathway | Damage caused by ROS to DNA: tandem damage, intra- and interstrand crosslinks, and DNA–protein crosslinks. Injury starts at lower structures (L > OC > SC) |
Neuroinflammation | MarÃa Pascual et. LÃdia Cantacorps, et. Silvia AlfonsoLoeches et. MarÃa Pascual et Cynthia J M Kane, et. Jorge Montesinos et | C57BL/6 wild-type and TLR4-KO pregnant mice were exposed daily by drinking at timed whole-gestation intervals with 10–20% ethanol solution (v/v), 5 g/kg after which TLRs were quantified in the F1 generation by electron microscopy, ELISA C57BL/6 J mice were exposed by gavage for the entire gestation period using 30% ethanol solution (v/v) at 4 g/kg. Quantitative analysis by immunohistochemistry, quantitative PCR | Signal transduction Inflammatory factors | TLRs on the glial cell surface are activated by ROS thereby trigger signaling cascades to stimulate the production of inflammatory factors and effects. Activated TLRs transmits inflammatory signals through transcription factors AP-1 and NF-κB The ACKR3, CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis of chemokines has a prominent role in FASD, resulting in differential biological activity and signaling activation |
 | Guo-Qing Chang et Kinning Poon et Kai Zhang et | Oral exposure of rats to 2 g/kg of ethanol during early to mid-pregnancy. For the F1 generation of C57BL/6 J mice 4 days after birth 5 g/kg of ethanol saline solution (20%) was given subcutaneously four times. F1 generation progenitor neurons were cultured. Analysis of chemokines by combining electron microscopy and immunofluorescence methods |  | CXCL12/CXCR4, CCL2/CCR2, and the corresponding mRNAs are increased upon alcohol stimulation, which is essential for the activation and recruitment of monocyte macrophages and microglia in the embryonic CNS |