Allanson J, O’Hara R, Farkas L, Nair R. Anthropometric craniofacial pattern profiles in Down syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 1993;47:748–52.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hammond P, Hutton T, Allanson J, Buxton B, Campbell L, Clayton-Smith J, et al. Discriminating power of localized three-dimensional facial morphology. Am J Hum Genet. 2005;77:999–1010.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.
Book
Google Scholar
Hammond P, Forster-Gibson C, Chudley A, Hutton T, Farrell S, McKenzie J, et al. Face-brain asymmetry in autism spectrum disorders. Mol Psychiatry. 2008;13:614–23.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Diewert V, Lozanoff S, Choy V. Computer reconstructions of human embryonic craniofacial morphology showing changes in relations between the face and brain during primary palate formation. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol. 1993;13:193–201.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Marcucio R, Young N, Hu D, Hallgrimsson B. Mechanisms that underlie co-variation of the brain and face. Genesis. 2011;49:177–89.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Aldridge K, George I, Cole K, Austin J, Takahashi T, Duan Y, et al. Facial phenotypes in subgroups of prepubertal boys with autism spectrum disorders are correlated with clinical phenotypes. Molecular Autism. 2011;2:1–12.
Article
Google Scholar
Ozgen H, Hellemann G, Stellato R, Lahuis B, van Daalen E, Staal W, et al. Morphological features in children with autism spectrum disorders: a matched case-control study. J Autism Dev Disord. 2011;41:23–31.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fombonne E. Epidemiology of pervasive developmental disorders. Pediatr Res. 2009;65:591–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Baron-Cohen S. The extreme male brain theory of autism. Trends Cogn Sci. 2002;6:248–54.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Asperger H. Die, Autistisehen Psychopathen" im Kindesalter. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten. 1944;117:76–136.
Article
Google Scholar
Frith U. Autism and Asperger syndrome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1991.
Book
Google Scholar
Auyeung B, Baron-Cohen S, Ashwin E, Knickmeyer R, Taylor K, Hackett G. Fetal testosterone and autistic traits. Br J Psychol. 2009;100:1–22.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lutchmaya S, Baron-Cohen S, Raggatt P. Foetal testosterone and eye contact in 12-month-old human infants. Infant Behav Dev. 2002;25:327–35.
Article
Google Scholar
Chapman E, Baron-Cohen S, Auyeung B, Knickmeyer R, Taylor K, Hackett G. Fetal testosterone and empathy: evidence from the empathy quotient (EQ) and the "reading the mind in the eyes" test. Soc Neurosci. 2006;1:135–48.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Falter C, Plaisted K, Davis G. Visuo-spatial processing in autism—testing the predictions of extreme male brain theory. J Autism Dev Disord. 2008;38:507–15.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Auyeung B, Knickmeyer R, Ashwin E, Taylor K, Hackett G, Baron-Cohen S. Effects of fetal testosterone on visuospatial ability. Archives of Sex Behavior. 2012;41:571–81.
Article
Google Scholar
Lutchmaya S, Baron-Cohen S, Raggatt P, Knickmeyer R, Manning J. 2nd to 4th digit ratios, fetal testosterone and estradiol. Early Hum Dev. 2004;77:23–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Teatero M, Netley C. A critical review of the research on the extreme male brain theory and digit ratio (2D:4D). J Autism Dev Disord. 2013;43:2664–76.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hönekopp J. Digit ratio 2D:4D in relation to autism spectrum disorders, empathising, and systemizing: a quantitative review. Autism Res. 2012;5:221–30.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schmidtova E, Kelemenova S, Celec P, Ficek A, Ostatnikova D. Polymorphisms in genes involved in testosterone metabolism in Slovak autistic boys. Endocrinologist. 2010;20:245–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Ruta L, Ingudomnukul E, Taylor K, Chakrabarti B, Baron-Cohen S. Increased serum androstenedione in adults with autism spectrum conditions. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011;36:1154–63.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schaefer K, Fink B, Mitteroecker P, Neave N, Bookstein F. Visualizing facial shape regression upon 2nd to 4th digit ratio and testosterone. Collegium Antropologicum. 2005;29:415–9.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Neave N, Laing S, Fink B, Manning J. Second to fourth digit ratio, testosterone and perceived male dominance. Proc R Soc B. 2003;270:2167–72.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Marečková K, Weinbrand Z, Chakravarty M, Lawrence C, Aleong R, Leonard G, et al. Testosterone-mediated sex differences in the face shape during adolescence: subjective impressions and objective features. Horm Behav. 2011;60:681–90.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bejerot S, Eriksson J, Bonde S, Carlström K, Humble M, Eriksson E. The extreme male brain revisited: gender coherence in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;201:116–23.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Whitehouse A, Hickey M, Ronald A. Are autistic traits in the general population stable across development? PLoS One. 2011;6:1–8.
Article
Google Scholar
Constantino J, Todd R. Autistic traits in the general population: a twin study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:524–30.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gilani S, Rooney K, Shafait F, Walters M, Mian A. Geometric facial gender scoring: objectivity of perception. PLoS One. 2014;9:1–12.
Article
Google Scholar
Farkas L, Eiben O, Sivkov S, Tompson B, Katic M, Forrest C. Anthropometric measurements of the facial framework in adulthood: age-related changes in eight age categories in 600 healthy white North Americans of European ancestry from 16 to 90 years of age. J Craniofac Surg. 2004;15:288–98.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Farkas L, Katic M, Forrest C. International anthropometric study of facial morphology in various ethnic groups/races. J Craniofac Surg. 2005;16:615–46.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Skinner R, Martin J, Clubley E. The autism spectrum quotient (AQ): evidence from Asperger syndrome/high functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. J Autism Dev Disord. 2001;31:5–17.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Savran A, Sankur B, Bilge M. Comparative evaluation of 3D vs. 2D modality for automatic detection of facial action units. Pattern Recogn. 2012;45:767–82.
Article
Google Scholar
Burton A, Bruce V, Dench N. What’s the difference between men and women? Evidence from facial measurement. Perception. 1993;22:153–76.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Velemínská J, Bigoni L, Krajíček V, Borský J, Šmahelová D, Cagáňová V, et al. Surface facial modelling and allometry in relation to sexual dimorphism. J Comp Hum Biol. 2012;63:81–93.
Article
Google Scholar
Chakravarty M, Aleong R, Leonard G, Perron M, Pike G, Richer L, et al. Automated analysis of craniofacial morphology using magnetic resonance images. PLoS One. 2011;6:1–13.
Article
Google Scholar
McKnight CM, Newnham J, Stanley F, Mountain J, Landau L, Beilin L, et al. Birth of a cohort—the first 20 years of the Raine study. Med J Aust. 2012;197:608–10.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Aldridge K, Boyadjiev S, Capone G, DeLeon V, Richtsmeier J. Precision and error of three-dimensional phenotypic measures acquired from 3dMD photogrammetric images. Am J Med Genet. 2005;138:247–53.
Article
Google Scholar
Weinberg S, Scott N, Neiswanger K, Brandon C, Marazita M. Digital three-dimensional photogrammetry: evaluation of anthropometric precision and accuracy using a Genex 3D camera system. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2004;41:507–18.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Farkas L. Anthropometry of the head and face. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press Ltd; 1994.
Google Scholar
Duda R, Hart P, Stork D. Pattern classification and scene analysis. 2nd ed. Canada: Wiley; 2001.
Google Scholar
Russell-Smith S, Maybery M, Bayliss D. Are the autism and positive schizotypy spectra diametrically opposed in local versus global processing? J Autism Dev Disord. 2010;40:968–77.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ruzich E, Allison C, Smith P, Watson P, Auyeung B, Ring H, et al. Measuring autistic traits in the general population: a systematic review of the Autism-spectrum Quotient (AQ) in a nonclinical population sample of 6,900 typical adult males and females. Molecular Autism. 2015;6:1–12.
Google Scholar
Whitehouse A, Mattes E, Maybery M, Dissanayake C, Sawyer M, Jones R, et al. Perinatal testosterone exposure and autistic-like traits in the general population: a longitudinal pregnancy-cohort study. J Neurodev Disord. 2012;4:1–12.
Article
Google Scholar
Russell-Smith S, Maybery M, Bayliss D. Relationships between autistic-like and schizotypy traits: an analysis using the autism spectrum quotient and oxford-Liverpool inventory of feelings and experiences. Personal Individ Differ. 2011;51:128–32.
Article
Google Scholar
Woodbury-Smith M, Robinson J, Wheelwright S, Baron-Cohen S. Screening adults for Asperger syndrome using the AQ: a preliminary study of its diagnostic validity in clinical practice. J Autism Dev Disord. 2005;35:331–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Grinter E, Maybery M, Van Beek P, Pellicano E, Badcock J, Badcock D. Global visual processing and self-rated autistic-like traits. J Autism Dev Disord. 2009;39:1278–90.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jobe L, White S. Loneliness, social relationships, and a broader autism phenotype in college students. Personal Individ Differ. 2007;42:1479–789.
Article
Google Scholar
Bruce V, Burton A, Hanna E, Healey P, Mason O, Coombes A, et al. Sex discrimination: how do we tell the difference between male and female faces? Perception. 1993;22:131–52.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lai M, Lombardo M, Suckling J, Ruigrok A, Chakrabarti B, Ecker C, et al. Biological sex affects the neurobiology of autism. Brain. 2013;136:2799–815.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Scott N, Jones A, Kramer R, Ward R. Facial dimorphism in autistic quotient scores. Clin Psychol Sci. 2014;1:12.
Google Scholar
Baron-Cohen S, Auyeung B, Nørgaard-Pedersen B, Hougaard D, Abdallah M, Melgaard L, et al. Elevated fetal steriodogenic activity in autism. Mol Psychiatry. 2014;1:8.
Google Scholar
Majewska M, Hill M, Urbanowicz E, Rok-Bujko P, Bieńkowski P, Namyslowska I, et al. Marked elevation of adrenal steroids, especially androgens, in saliva of prepubertal autistic children. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;23:485–98.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Takagishi H, Takahashi T, Yamagishi T, Shinada M, Inukai K, Tanida S, et al. Salivary testosterone levels and autism-spectrum quotient in adults. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2010;31:837–41.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Petersen A. Physical androgyny and cognitive functioning in adolescence. Dev Psychol. 1976;12:524–33.
Article
Google Scholar
Poswillo D. The aetiology and pathogenesis of craniofacial deformity. Development. 1988;103:207–12.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Anderson G, Galfin T, Xu W, Aoto J, Malenka R, Südhof T. Candidate autism gene screen identifies critical role for cell-adhesion molecule CASPR2 in dendritic arborization and spine development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;44:18120–5.
Article
Google Scholar
Lord C, Rutter M, Dilavore P, Risi S, Gotham K, Bishop S. Autism diagnostic observation schedule. 2nd ed. TorranceWestern: Psychological Services; 2012.
Google Scholar
Lord C, Rutter M, Couteur A. Autism diagnostic interview-revised: a revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 1994;24:659–85.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Robinson E, Koenen K, McCormick M, Munir K, Hallett V, Happé F, et al. Evidence that autistic traits show the same etiology in the general population and at the quantitative extremes (5%, 25%, and 1%). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68:1113–21.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stephen I, Scott I, Coetzee V, Pound N, Perrett D, Penton-Voak I. Cross-cultural effects of color, but not morphological masculinity, on perceived attractiveness of men’s faces. Evol Hum Behav. 2012;33:260–7.
Article
Google Scholar
Gilani S, Shafait F, Mian A. Hobart biologically significant facial landmarks: how significant are they for gender classification? In Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Application (DICTA). Edited by IEEE. 2013;2013:1–8. International conference: 26-28 November 2013.
Sonié S, Kassai B, Pirat E, Bain P, Robinson J, Gomot M, et al. The french version of the autism-spectrum quotient in adolescents: a cross-cultural validation study. J Autism Dev Disord. 2013;43:1178–83.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ruta L, Mazzone D, Mazzone L, Wheelwright S, Baron-Cohen S. The Autism-spectrum Quotient—Italian version: a cross-cultural confirmation of the broader autism phenotype. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012;42:625–33.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wakabayashi A, Baron-Cohen S, Uchiyama T, Yoshida Y, Kuroda M, Wheelwright S. Empathizing and systemizing in adults with and without autism spectrum conditions: cross-cultural stability. J Autism Dev Disord. 2007;37:1823–32.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lieberman P. Some aspects of dimorphism and human speech. Hum Evol. 1986;1:67–75.
Article
Google Scholar
Voperian H, Wang S, Schimek E, Durtschi R, Kent R, Gentry L, et al. Developmental sexual dimorphism of the oral and pharyngeal portions of the vocal tract: an imaging study. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2011;54:995–1010.
Article
Google Scholar
Wells J. Sexual dimorphism of body composition. Best Practice Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;21:415–30.
Article
Google Scholar
Burns R, Burns R. Discriminant analysis. In business research methods and statistics using SPSS. London: SAGE Publication Ltd; 2009.
Google Scholar